Sepia pharaonis

DWhatley

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Embryonic development and effects of environmental factors on the pre-mature hatchling of Sepia pharaonis
Chun-yen Lin Master's Thesis 2009-07-09 (located by: Stavros) Abstract on the effects on hatching eggs changing various water parameters. Currently, the full PDF is not available on-line
Abstract
Pre-mature hatching of fertilized eggs of cuttlefishes and squids, which are Taiwan� major fishing species, exists in the late embryonic development before yolk sacs are fully absorbed. It is so far unknown whether there is any difference in survival rate between pre-maturely developed juveniles and the fully developed ones. Hence, by laboratory incubation, this study aimed to discuss the relationship between the yolk size in the embryonic development process and embryo, as well as the difference in survival rate of juveniles developed at different developmental stages. The impact of the incubation time on the survival rate is explored in case of changing physical and chemical environmental factors (temperature, salinity, ammonia concentration, vibration etc.)
The embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis can be divided into 40 stages according to the external shape and quality of the embryo. The embryo mantle length and the yolk diameter vary by time, while the increasing rate of the mantle length does not(F = 1.88, p = 0.06), increasing or decreasing in a linear relationship respectively. However, under the same environmental conditions, the consumption rate and the mantle size may vary in different batches(yolk diameter: F = 8.77, p < 0.01. mantle length: F = 92.14, p < 0.01).
There is no difference in the surviving time of juveniles artificially and naturally incubated at the same developmental stage, and the surviving time will be longer if the artificially incubated juveniles are at later embryonic developmental stages(F = 34.66嚗 < 0.01). With regard to the feeding ratio of juveniles pre-maturely hatched at different stages, the feeding ratio of the juveniles incubated after the 36th stage will increase with the developmental stages(F = 93.10嚗 < 0.01).
In this study, the temperature limit of the embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis should never be lower than 10�� or higher than 35��, and the most suitable temperate range is between 17-28��. In case of sudden change in temperature, temperature increase can more effectively affect the pre-mature hatching than temperature decrease. In case of either the 36th or 39th stage embryos, if the temperature rises or drops by more than 10 degrees, pre-mature hatching can exist in some of the embryos. Some embryos may die if salinity is lowered suddenly below 20 psu. Meanwhile, pre-mature hatching may occur within one hour if it is suddenly lowered below 10 psu, and the unhatched embryos may die. When increasing the ammonia concentration suddenly to 1 and 5 ppm, the embryo incubation time may be lengthened compared with the group without the addition: some embryos may die if it is increased to 5 ppm. Meanwhile, most embryos are hatched pre-maturely within 17 minutes when it is increased to 1000 ppm, while those unhatched ones may die. In case of various environmental stimuli of the experiments, a higher percentage of embryos at the 39th stage got away from the hostile environment by pre-mature hatching, while a higher percentage of embryos at 36th stage continued the development until natural incubation or died. The vibration experiment is to produce vibration by a vertical vibration instrument. In case of 30-minute vibration at frequency of 350 times/minute and maximum amplitude at 2 cm, there is no effect on incubation time and mode of embryos at both stages. This factor is still open and subject to further discussion.
 
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Fishery and biology of pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis
Geetha Sasikumar Sr. Scientist, Molluscan Fisheries Division

Distinguishing characters
In Sepia pharaonis, the tentacular clubs are with suckers of unequal size. Five to six suckers in the middle row of manus are greatly enlarged. The mantle, head and arms are with transverse stripes. Cuttlebone broad, thick and with a mid-ventral groove flattening anteriorly in striated area; striae ‘’ shaped; inner cone forms a conspicuous yellowish flat ledge; a sharp thick spine present.
 
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Neural Organization of the Optic Lobe Changes Steadily from Late Embryonic Stage to Adulthood in Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis
Yung-Chieh Liu, Tsung-Han Liu, Chia-Hao Su,Chuan-Chin Chiao 2017 (full article)

The optic lobe is the largest structure in the cuttlefish brain. While the general morphology of the optic lobe in adult cuttlefish has been well described, the 3D structure and ontogenetic development of its neural organization have not been characterized. To correlate observed behavioral changes within the brain structure along the development of this animal, optic lobes from the late embryonic stage to adulthood were examined systematically in the present study. The MRI scan revealed that the so called “cell islands” in the medulla of the cephalopod's optic lobe (Young, 1962, 1974) are in fact a contiguous tree-like structure. Quantification of the neural organizational development of optic lobes showed that structural features of the cortex and radial column zone were established earlier than those of the tangential zone during embryonic and post-hatching stages. Within the cell islands, the density of nuclei was decreased while the size of nuclei was increased during the development. Furthermore, the visual processing area in the optic lobe showed a significant variation in lateralization during embryonic and juvenile stages. Our observation of a continuous increase in neural fibers and nucleus size in the tangential zone of the optic lobe from late embryonic stage to adulthood indicates that the neural organization of the optic lobe is modified along the development of cuttlefish. These findings thus support that the ontogenetic change of the optic lobe is responsible for their continuously increased complexity in body patterning and visuomotor behaviors.
 
Morphology of reproductive accessory glands in female Sepia pharaonis (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) sheds light on egg encapsulation
Jing‐Duan Huang, Shin‐Yu Lee, Tzu‐Yin Chiang , Chung‐Cheng Lu, Mong‐Fong Lee 2018 (subscription Journal of morphology via Wiley)

Abstract
The pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, is an important cephalopod fishery species in southeastern Asia, with understudied reproductive physiology. The present study aimed to investigate the cellular characteristics of epithelial cells found in the nidamental glands (NGs) and accessory NGs (ANGs), as well as the structural connections between these two glands in mature female S. pharaonis. A histological analysis revealed two types of epithelial cells in NGs: Alcian blue‐positive, PAS‐negative mucosubstance‐secreting cells and eosinophilic, PAS‐positive granule‐secreting cells. Using transmission electron microscopy, three types of epithelial cells were identified: cells with electron‐dense granules, cells with electron‐lucent granules, and cells with both cilia and microvilli in the apex. Mature ANGs contain an abundance of tubular units composed of epithelial cells resting on a thin layer of basal lamina. Innervated muscle cells are tightly adhered to the basal lamina. In addition, we observed epithelial canalization of ANG tubules penetrating through the connective tissue linking NGs and the walls of the tubules in ANGs, which allows the contents of the ANG tubules to be transported to the NGs. Our results suggest that ANGs participate in the encapsulation of the ova via the same pathway as NGs, which provides an important basis for future studies on the mechanism of protection provided by NGs and ANGs during embryonic development in S. pharaonis.
 

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