[Published]: Rubber arm illusion in octopus


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We instinctively know our hands and legs belong to us when we see them. This perception, known as the sense of body ownership¹, is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness. Although studies show that this sense exists in some mammals, such as humans², monkeys³^(,)⁴, and rodents⁵, research on its existence in non-mammalian animals is still lacking. In this study, we used the rubber hand illusion² to demonstrate that an octopus, an invertebrate (cephalopod mollusk), also experiences body...

Curr Biol. 2025 Jul 21;35(14):R702-R703. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.05.017.

ABSTRACT

We instinctively know our hands and legs belong to us when we see them. This perception, known as the sense of body ownership1, is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness. Although studies show that this sense exists in some mammals, such as humans2, monkeys3,4, and rodents5, research on its existence in non-mammalian animals is still lacking. In this study, we used the rubber hand illusion2 to demonstrate that an octopus, an invertebrate (cephalopod mollusk), also experiences body ownership of its arms. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

PMID:40695234 | DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2025.05.017

Sumire Kawashima, Yuzuru Ikeda

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